"Doubt is the origin of wisdom."
— Pierre Abélard
"Nothing is so firmly believed as that which we least know." / "Nothing is so easy as to deceive oneself."
— Michel de Montaigne
The Nose Ring and the Bangs: Rebellion or New Dogma?
There is a group of feminists who sport a nose ring and identical bangs, like a uniform of rebellion. There is no issue with that: fashions are just that, trends that unite people under a single style. But the phenomenon goes beyond aesthetics. In those groups, there are always two or three figures who stand out: those who are active, those who possess symbolic or economic capital, those who accumulate followers on social media. They are the spokeswomen, the ones who set the pace, the ones who decide which books are read, which ideas are disseminated, and which stances are "correct."
Is it not ironic that, from a discourse that denounces top-down structures and elitist privileges, the very same hierarchies they criticize are reproduced? What happens to the horizontality and plurality they claim to defend? These leaders—or influencers—summon their followers under the banner of "critical thinking" and "independence" and/or "autonomy," but how independent can those who follow the same guidelines without dissent truly be? Shouldn't critical thinking, in fact, allow for internal questioning?
The phenomenon deepens when these figures open virtual bookstores where they sell books "recommended with a stance." It sounds like an euphemism: couldn't it rather be indoctrination disguised as commerce? They criticize capitalism and oppression (claiming that "the oppression of women and the capitalist system are inseparable"), yet they replicate its mechanisms: they monopolize knowledge, turn it into a commodity, and sell it to their own followers. Isn't it contradictory that, while denouncing the exploitation of the system, they reproduce capitalist practices under the guise of "feminist consciousness"?
The question remains in the air: is it possible to build a truly horizontal movement when, in practice, the very power schemes that are meant to be overthrown are repeated?
"Custom is a second nature, and no less powerful than the first."
— Michel de Montaigne, Essays
The New Dogma: Chronicle of a Contradiction Foretold
The phenomenon is neither new nor exclusive to any contemporary group. It is, rather, a classic of human history: the tension between egalitarian discourse and hierarchical practice. Movements that self-proclaim to be anti-system, anti-privilege, or anti-hierarchical often reproduce within themselves the same power dynamics they criticize. And they do so with a particular irony: while denouncing capitalism or patriarchy, they monetize their own critique, turn dissent into a commodity, and transform horizontality into a new form of elite.
It is not a matter of demonizing or romanticizing, but of analyzing with a skeptical eye, just as thinkers from the 16th to the 18th centuries did with surgical precision. They were already dissecting these paradoxes with a clarity that remains relevant today.
The Homogeneous Mass and the Privileged Vanguards: Horizontality or Disguised Hierarchy?
The feminist group that adopts a nose ring and identical bangs is not, in itself, a problem. Fashions are just that: symbols of belonging. But when that aesthetic uniformity is accompanied by an ideological uniformity—without visible dissent—something deeper emerges. The mass forms, but it also polices itself. And in its midst, two or three figures always stand out: those with the most followers, the most charisma, the most symbolic or economic capital. They are the ones who direct, select, and monetize what the group consumes. The enlightened ones.
Is this consistent with anti-hierarchical discourse? No, from the logic of discourse. But yes, from social mechanics. As Baltasar Gracián noted in his The Art of Worldly Wisdom (1647), in any human grouping, power concentrates in those who know how to manage appearance, opportunity, and networks of influence. These "enlightened vanguards" are no different: they have managed to make themselves necessary, turn their activism into capital, and convert their "critical thinking" into a consumer product.
Francis Bacon, in his Novum Organum (1620), spoke of the "idols of the tribe" (collective biases that align people with the prevailing opinion) and the "idols of the theater" (dogmatic systems accepted by authority). A virtual bookstore of "recommendations with a stance" functions as a small theater of idols: it does not merely sell a book, but the guarantee that the stance is the correct one. Montaigne, for his part, insisted that custom and fashion shape us more than reason. "Custom is a second nature," he wrote. Belonging to a mass that dresses alike and thinks alike does not foster independent thought; it hinders it.
"Critical Thinking" Within a Mass: Slogan or Practice?
Critical thinking requires individual autonomy, a willingness to question one's own dogmas, and room for dissent. But when belonging to a group demands a homogenized aesthetic (shared visual codes) and a rigid doctrinal adherence, dissent is punished with ostracism or cancellation.
In this context, appealing to "critical thinking" often serves as a badge of belonging ("we are the enlightened ones, the others are alienated") rather than an actual practice of open inquiry. As René Descartes would say in his Discourse on the Method (1637), the method of methodical doubt requires suspending judgment on everything received by custom, authority, or "common opinion." Truly applying it within a group that already has "recommended stances" is nearly impossible without breaking away from the group.
David Hume, for his part, pointed out that custom and sympathy (emotional contagion of the group) are forces more powerful than abstract reason. People do not reach conclusions through argumentational purity, but because their surroundings make them feel correct. Voltaire, in his Philosophical Dictionary, decried the fanaticism of sects that believe themselves to be the sole possessors of truth and convert external criticism into internal dogma. "Critical thinking" turned into a group slogan looks far too much like what he called sectarian "enthusiasm."
The Commodification of Ideology: Anti-Capitalism or Disguised Capitalism?
The creation of virtual bookstores, workshops, or reading lists "recommended with a stance" illustrates how ideology is transformed into a good of consumption and status. It is held that capitalism is the root of oppression, but at the same time, operations take place within the commercial circuit, using ideological affinity as a market niche.
Contradiction? Yes. Novelty? No. La Rochefoucauld was already saying in his Maxims (1665): "Our virtues are most frequently but vices disguised" and "Interest speaks all sorts of tongues, and plays all sorts of parts, even that of disinterestedness." Anti-capitalist or horizontal discourse can function as a moral cover to obtain economic benefits or social capital within a specific niche.
Machiavelli, in The Prince (1532), had already explained that any movement seeking to transform the existing order ends up generating its own internal oligarchies. Discursive coherence is secondary to effectiveness in maintaining power.
The Classics and Their Perspective on Power and Hypocrisy
To understand this phenomenon, it is worth turning to the thinkers who, between the 16th and 18th centuries, examined the nature of power, the behavior of the masses, and the insincerity of political discourse:
• Étienne de La Boétie (Discourse on Voluntary Servitude, 1576): Analyzed how individuals surrender their autonomy to submit to dogmas or leaders, forming pyramids of domination where a few gain influence over the mass.
• Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan, 1651): Argued that, in the absence of clear rules, competition for honor and status generates inequality. Moral discourses are often facades masking the desire for power.
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, 1755): Differentiated between natural self-love (amour de soi) and social self-love (amour-propre, the search for approval and distinction). In closed groups, the pursuit of status (being the most "militant" or the most "visible") responds to this mechanism.
• Voltaire: A critic of dogmatism, he pointed out that groups that consider themselves possessors of a single truth develop their own internal clergy and inquisitions, collecting the "tithe" (in this case, commercializing products with an ideological seal of approval).
The Blindness of the Enlightened Flock: Why Don't the Indoctrinated See Their Own Cage?
The phenomenon is not exclusive to feminists with nose rings and bangs. It recurs in any ideological group, whether political, religious, activist, or even academic: collectives that are born to question the status quo but end up reproducing—or even worsening—the very power dynamics they denounce. The key question is: why don't those immersed in these systems perceive their own contradiction?
The answer lies in a combination of psychological, social, and rhetorical mechanisms that have been analyzed from antiquity down to modern psychology. Skeptical thinkers, with their ruthless lucidity, already anticipated these paradoxes. This essay explores how and why the indoctrinated do not see their own cage, and how this phenomenon transcends ideological boundaries.
The "Idol of the Tribe" and the Illusion of Collective Virtue
Francis Bacon, in his Novum Organum (1620), spoke of the "idols of the tribe" as inherent biases in human nature that lead us to align with the prevailing opinions of our group. However, there is something more sinister: the illusion that, simply by belonging to a "critical" collective, one is exempt from falling into the same mistakes as the rest.
• The Trap of Self-Justification: As La Rochefoucauld noted, "interest speaks all sorts of tongues." People within these groups do not view themselves as indoctrinated, but as "enlightened," "aware," or "advanced." Their participation in the system is not perceived as submission, but as virtue. Criticizing capitalism while monetizing ideology is not a contradiction to them, because the end ("social justice") justifies the means.
• The Effect of Polarization: Modern studies in social psychology, such as Leon Festinger's work on cognitive dissonance, show that when a person commits publicly to a group, their brain seeks consistency at all costs. If the group sells books or charges for workshops, the minds of its members rationalize the practice: "It's not capitalism; it's sustainable activism."Montaigne would have called it "the tyranny of custom": when everyone around you repeats the same discourse, stopping to question it becomes an act of social survival.
"Cronyism" as a New Form of Capital: Who Benefits?
In these groups, power is not exercised through formal titles, but through symbolic capital: whoever has more followers, more charisma, or more internal connections ("cronyism") defines what is "critical thinking" and what is not. As Baltasar Gracián warned, "the most dangerous power is that which cannot be seen."
• The Illusion of Horizontality: It is proclaimed that all are equal, but in practice, those who control communication channels (social networks, virtual bookstores, events) decide which voices are amplified and which are silenced. This is no different from traditional hierarchies; it is merely disguised as moral meritocracy.
• The Cost of Dissent: As Voltaire wrote, "fanaticism is to superstition what delirium is to fever." In these groups, questioning the core leadership is not seen as critical thinking, but as heresy. The fear of ostracism (or "cancellation") acts as a mechanism of self-censorship. The result? Dissent vanishes, and with it, the capacity for self-criticism.Hobbes would have explained it this way: in the absence of a visible central authority, human beings do not escape the competition for status. They simply change the rules of the game. Instead of competing for money or titles, they compete to be the most "committed," the most "pure," or the most aligned with the group's dogma.
The Commodification of Rebellion: When Anti-Capitalism Becomes Business
Here lies one of the sharpest paradoxes: groups that criticize capitalism end up reproducing its most predatory mechanisms, but with a twist: the product they sell is not a physical object, but the illusion of belonging to a superior collective.
• "Niche Capitalism": As Machiavelli noted, power is maintained not only by force, but by the ability to make others dependent on you. Virtual bookstores, paid workshops, and reading lists "with a stance" are not just revenue streams; they are tools of control. Whoever buys those books or attends those workshops does not merely acquire knowledge: they purchase belonging and validation.
• The Illusion of Exclusivity: Rousseau spoke of amour-propre, that desire to be recognized as superior. In these groups, consuming products "approved" by the leaders becomes a way to distinguish oneself from the rest (even if that "rest" consists of other feminists or activists). It is the same mechanism that drives people to buy luxury brands: it is not the product that matters, but the status it confers.
As La Rochefoucauld would sum it up: "Virtue is nothing but vice disguised as a good conscience."
Why Don't They Realize It? Three Key Mechanisms
A. Cognitive Dissonance: "We are not like the others" Psychologist Leon Festinger demonstrated that when our actions conflict with our beliefs, the brain seeks justifications to reduce the discomfort. In the case of these groups:
• Action: Selling books or charging for workshops (capitalist practice).B. The Moral Superiority Bias Studies in social psychology, such as those by Jonathan Haidt, show that people tend to believe their group is morally superior. This leads to:
• Belief: "We are anti-capitalist."
• Justification: "It is activism, not commerce" or "the end justifies the means."
• The Result: They do not see the contradiction because their brains have rationalized it away.
• Dehumanizing critics: "Those who question this don't understand the struggle" or "They are accomplices of the system."As Montaigne would say: "The greatest defect of humans is forgetting that they are human."
• Ignoring one's own flaws: "We are not like other groups; we actually are coherent."
C. The Echo Chamber Effect In the digital age, social networks act as echo chambers: only voices that reinforce one's own beliefs are heard. This generates:
• A distorted reality: If everyone in your circle repeats that "capitalism is the enemy," but no one questions that you yourself are profiting from it, the contradiction becomes invisible.
• The illusion of the majority: As Bacon noted, "truth emerges more readily from error than from confusion." In an echo chamber, error is reinforced until it becomes dogma.
Is This Exclusive to Feminists? No. It Is Universal
This phenomenon is not exclusive to any single group. It recurs in:
• Political collectives: Parties that promote equality, but end up as internal oligarchies.La Boétie explained it in his Discourse on Voluntary Servitude (1576): power is imposed not only by force, but through the complicity of those who submit to it. Today, that complicity hides behind the guise of "critical consciousness."
• Spiritual movements: Gurus who sell "enlightenment" while accumulating wealth.
• Academic circles: An intellectual elite that criticizes elitism... while controlling who is allowed to publish or speak.
• "Ethical" consumer groups: Brands that sell "sustainable" products at prices out of reach for the majority.
The Uncomfortable Question: Can a Truly Horizontal Group Exist?
The skeptical answer is: no, or at least not for long. As Hobbes wrote, "man is a wolf to man," and in the absence of clear structures, power always finds a way to concentrate.
However, there is a caveat: the groups that survive their own contradictions are those that allow—and even encourage—internal dissent. As Voltaire would say, "fanaticism is the enemy of reason." A movement that does not tolerate questioning is condemned to become the very thing it claims to combat.
The Manipulation of Language: When Words Become Weapons
The phenomenon is not limited merely to the reproduction of hierarchies or the commodification of ideology. There is a third pillar: the manipulation of language. Ideological groups, in their eagerness to set themselves apart and justify their existence, resort to a constant aggiornamento (updating) of terms—a semantic makeover that allows them to present old ideas as revolutionary novelties.
A. The Aggiornamento of Terminology: The Same Thing Under Another Name Language is a battlefield. Terms such as "intersectionality," "deconstruction," "privilege," or "cancellation" are not new concepts in essence, but reinterpretations of ideas that existed centuries ago, clothed in modern attire to make them appear innovative. For example:
• "Intersectionality": The idea that oppressions are intertwined is not new. Marx was already discussing the intersection of class and gender in the 19th century, and before him, thinkers like Mary Wollstonecraft analyzed how inequalities overlapped. However, the current term is used to signal a supposed moral superiority in whoever uses it, as if its mere mention guaranteed a deeper understanding of reality.
• "Deconstruction": The concept has roots in Derrida and post-structuralism, but today it is used so broadly and vaguely that it has lost its original meaning. It has become a rhetorical wild card: anything can be "deconstructed," but rarely is anything rebuilt from that critique.As Gracián would say, "to do, and to make it seem so." But in this case, what is named with new terms acquires a false authority, as if the simple act of using a modern word automatically validated its content.
B. Language as a Tool of Stigmatization Language serves not only to define one's own identity, but also to exclude and stigmatize the "others." Words such as:
• "Reactionary," "fascist," "accomplice," "performative ally," or "unconscious"are used to disqualify those who do not share the group's dogma, without the need for actual debate. They are not descriptive terms, but rhetorical weapons.
Voltaire already warned about this: "Words are used to disguise thoughts." In these groups, the disguise is used to hide a lack of arguments and to impose silence. As Orwell noted in 1984 (though outside the era analyzed here), controlling language is the first step toward controlling thought.
C. The Illusion of Novelty The use of "updated" terms creates the illusion that the group is at the forefront of thought. But as Montaigne would say, "there is nothing new under the sun." What changes is not the essence of the ideas, but the packaging. And that packaging serves to:
1. Distinguish oneself from previous generations (even while repeating the same mistakes).La Rochefoucauld would have summarized it thus: "We change our words so as not to change things."
2. Justify the existence of an intellectual elite within the group: those who master the new language hold the power to define who is "in" and who is "out."
3. Sell the idea of progress without the need for actual progress.
Conclusion: The Golden Cage of Activism and Language as a Link
The indoctrinated do not see their own cage because it is made of the very bars they believe they are tearing down. The system they criticize (capitalism, patriarchy, top-down power) is reproduced in their own practices, but in disguise: that of moral virtue and a supposedly revolutionary language.
As the skeptics knew well, words can be just as oppressive as the structures they denounce. La Rochefoucauld wrote in one of his maxims: "Hypocrisy is the homage vice pays to virtue."
Final Skeptical View: Betrayal or Human Nature?
What is described here is not an accidental betrayal of ideals. It is the predictable functioning of human nature in groups. Discourses of horizontality and radical critique rarely survive the relative success of the group itself: when there is visibility, followers, and the opportunity to monetize, hierarchies, filters, and "authorized recommendations" emerge.
The skepticism of Montaigne, Bacon, or Gracián does not consist of denying that real oppressions exist, but of mistrusting those who, in fighting them, reproduce structures of privilege and thought control using a different vocabulary.
The test of genuinely independent thought is found neither in a slogan nor in a virtual bookstore of correct stances, but in the ability to sustain uncomfortable dissension within one's own circle. When that ability disappears, what remains is, as Bacon would say, just another idol of the theater.
This essay was prepared with the support of artificial intelligence tools: Gemini, Grok, and Mistral.
